Derkach  N. E.

The relevance of the topic. The strengthening of relations between Russia and China in the global political arena is accompanied by the expansion of economic cooperation between the two countries, including in the fuel and energy sector. Until recently, energy cooperation between Russia and China was mutually beneficial: China, as the largest consumer of electricity in the world, was interested in diversifying energy sources to reduce dependence on supplies via sea routes from unstable regions such as the Middle East and North Africa, and Russia, in turn, possessing huge reserves of oil and gas and coal, acted as a reliable supplier and received a stable income from the export of energy resources. However, the significant reduction in energy imports from Russia, carried out by European countries in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions, has deprived Russia of the opportunity to maneuver between several large sales markets, thereby giving China the opportunity to use leverage to obtain more favorable terms. Goal. A systematic study of energy cooperation between Russia and China, which is one of the key areas of export of Russian energy resources in the context of global geopolitical processes that have influenced the structure of global demand for Russian hydrocarbons and, as a result, caused the reorientation of energy exports from the European to the Asian market. Methodology. The research methodology is based on systematic, process-based and situational approaches. The research uses general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition: system analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, as well as statistical and graphical methods of economic analysis. The authors carried out a systematic analysis of the key aspects of energy cooperation between Russia and China. The main directions of energy cooperation in the fuel and energy sector of the two countries are described. A study was conducted on the export of hydrocarbons and electricity for the period from 2019 to 2023. Problematic aspects of energy cooperation between Russia and China have been identified. The prospects for further development of cooperation in the context of the restructuring of the global energy resources market have been identified. Scope of application. The formulated analytical conclusions and theoretical provisions can be used for further analysis of cooperation between Russia and China in the field of energy, economics and international relations.

Relevance of the topic. Today, the problem of the functioning and development of special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as SEZs) is acute in the Russian Federation. The main problems in this area include high administrative barriers that make it difficult to do business in these areas, many regulatory requirements that deter potential investors, lack of infrastructure, low innovation activity, etc. Many special economic zones operate in traditional sectors and cannot attract modern technologies or develop startups. In such conditions, investments are more often directed to the purchase of foreign equipment, which is extremely difficult to implement in today's realities, and at the same time, this approach does not help attract domestic equipment manufacturers, increase local production and use traditional technologies. The development of a comprehensive development strategy and monitoring of the situation in special economic zones could help solve the above-mentioned problems. It is necessary to step up efforts to create a support system for investors, refocus on the development of innovations and high technologies, increase the level of education and training, etc. An integrated approach can help overcome existing obstacles and create competitive special economic zones in Russia. Goal. A systematic study of the special economic zones of the southern regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation to identify problems and promising areas of development of the national economy. Methodology. The research methodology is based on system and process approaches. In the course of the research, general scientific and special methods and methods of cognition were used: system analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, theoretical modeling, formal logical method, methods of constructing hypotheses, interpretation of legal concepts and normative legal acts. Results and conclusions. The authors carried out a systematic analysis of the functioning of free economic zones in the southern regions of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation (Orel, Kursk, Bryansk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions). The scales, main residents, growth points are determined, problems and prospects for the development of special economic zones of the studied regions are identified. Each region demonstrates its strengths and weaknesses. The Orel region stands out for its high growth rate in industry, while the Bryansk Region focuses on the agricultural sector. At the same time, the Kursk, Lipetsk and Belgorod regions face difficulties in mining and agriculture, which may limit their economic growth. The investment attractiveness of regions depends on their ability to adapt to economic challenges and use their competitive advantages. Scope of application. The formulated provisions can be used by state and municipal authorities in the process of creating and developing the potential of free economic zones.

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 312 dated March 9, 2022 «On the temporary introduction of a permissive procedure for the export of certain types of goods outside the Territory of the Russian Federation», until December 31, 2025, inclusive, a permissive procedure for the export of certain types of goods outside the territory of the Russian Federation to the territory of the EAEU member States was introduced. Foreign-made goods cannot be exported from Russia, and some goods can be exported with a separate permit. The list of goods prohibited for export includes more than 200 items, including technological, medical equipment and agricultural machinery. The purpose of the export ban is to protect the domestic market. The government is constantly making changes to the conditions under which the export ban operates. In this regard, the presented research acquires undoubted theoretical and practical significance. Goal. A systematic theoretical study of the permissive procedure for the export of certain types of goods outside the territory of the Russian Federation. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research was general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition. The authors used methods of system analysis and synthesis, theoretical modeling, formal logical method, methods of constructing hypotheses, interpretation of legal concepts and regulatory legal acts, which made it possible to identify theoretical and applied problems of compliance with the permissive procedure for the export of certain types of goods outside the territory of the Russian Federation in the context of global challenges. Results and conclusions. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 891 of June 19, 2020 approved the Procedure for maintaining statistics on mutual trade in goods between the Russian Federation and the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union, in particular when goods are shipped by a Russian person from the Russian Federation on the territory of the member States of the Union. This Government Decree establishes the statistical form of accounting for the movement of goods (hereinafter referred to as the Statform) and the rules for filling out the Statform. The authors have established the absence of information in the Status Form about the export permit received is a potential violation of the Licensing Procedure on the part of the person who exported the goods. Administrative liability is provided for violations. Other problems of compliance with the permissive procedure for the export of goods have also been identified. The scope of application. The formulated theoretical provisions can be used in the framework of the law-making process in the EAEU, as well as applied in the course of practical activities of customs authorities and directly by participants in foreign economic activity.

Relevance of the topic. The competitiveness of the national economy is significantly determined by the effectiveness of the implemented customs policy and customs administration in the conditions of modern realities. The current level of activity of destructive influences aimed at destabilising the activities of Russian state bodies, including the Federal Customs Service, requires the search for productive solutions to ensure their information security. One of the factors directly affecting the stability of the work of the used information and technical means is foreign information and technical support, which often carries hidden opportunities for negative impact both on the functioning of software and hardware, and on the safety of information consolidated and processed in the process of performing the functionality of these or those state bodies and organisations. In this connection there is an objective necessity of transition to domestic software products of different functional orientation. Goal. Systematic study of the possibilities of transition of the Federal Customs Service of Russia to domestic operational systems and software products of different functional orientation, which is the most important condition for the quality protection of its internal information-technical resources and ensuring the economic security of the state. Methodology. The research methodology is based on system and process approaches. In the course of the research general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition were used: system analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, theoretical modelling, formal-logical method, methods of hypothesis construction, interpretation of legal concepts and normative legal acts. Results and conclusions. The authors carried out a system analysis of information resources of customs authorities of the Russian Federation from the position of information security. The prospects of implementation of the Russian software and hardware that meets the basic requirements for information security, fault tolerance, performance and speed of information processing, archiving and optimisation of stored information, quality analysis of large amounts of data in the performance of the entire functionality of customs authorities have been assessed. Scope of application. The formulated theoretical provisions can be used within the process of import substitution of software for the activities of customs authorities of the Russian Federation.

Relevance of the topic. Customs regulation of the movement of certain categories of goods across the customs border of the EAEU implies the presence of certain nuances, and therefore such provisions are included in separate chapters of the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union. Such specific goods also include goods for personal use. Despite the transparency of the mechanism and the possibility of simplified customs operations in relation to goods moved in international non-trade turnover, there is an objective need to consider and discuss certain regulations governing their movement across the customs border, which can be interpreted ambiguously by participants in legal relations. In this connection, the presented research acquires undoubted theoretical and practical significance. Goal. Systematic theoretical study of the institutional foundations of the movement of goods for personal use across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition. The authors used methods of system analysis and synthesis, theoretical modeling, formal logical method, methods for constructing hypotheses, interpreting legal concepts and regulations, which made it possible to identify theoretical and applied problems of administrative and legal regulation of customs control of cross-border movement of goods for personal use in the context of Eurasian integration. Results and conclusions. The authors focused on two parts of the EAEU Customs Code, one of which contains general rules of customs regulation, and the second is devoted to the simplified procedure for performing customs operations in relation to certain categories of goods. Individuals when moving goods for personal use across the customs border of the EAEU may be exempt from paying customs duties. In this regard, they often make attempts to import such goods for commercial purposes, and in the activities of customs authorities certain difficulties arise in interpreting the norms of customs legislation regarding the cross-border movement of goods for personal use. The authors concluded that when deciding on the issue of releasing goods for personal use without paying customs duties, when foreign currency, securities and traveler's checks are imported as such, one should be guided exclusively by a special part of the customs legislation, namely the provisions of Chapter 37 of the Labor Code of the Union and Decision of the EEC Council No. 107. Application area. The formulated theoretical provisions can be used within the framework of the law-making process in the EAEU, as well as applied in the practical activities of bodies whose competence is related to the regulation of cross-border movement of goods for personal use, as well as directly by participants in foreign economic activity.

The relevance of the topic. The study of the conditions for inclusion in the register of authorized economic operators of the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union, the analysis of the dynamics of the number of authorized economic operators in Russia and the identification of prospects for the development of the institute of authorized economic operators in Russia actualize the solution of problems of its development. Goal. To investigate special simplifications and features of the inclusion of legal entities in the register of authorized economic operators of the Russian Federation, to reveal the problems and prospects for the development of the institute of authorized economic operators in Russia. Methodology. Methods of research, analysis, systematization of data. Results and conclusions. In the course of the study, the problems hindering the development of the institute of authorized economic operators in Russia were identified, and directions for improving the efficiency of their activities were developed. Under the conditions of sanctions and foreign trade restrictions, the policy of a modern state should be aimed, on the one hand, at facilitating the conditions of foreign trade activity, and on the other hand, at reducing the risk of illegal transactions. The development of the institution of an authorized economic operator contributes to improving the quality of foreign trade operations, minimizing risks in the implementation of customs control, reducing the costs of participants in foreign economic activity, reducing the time for customs formalities. Scope of application. Foreign trade, international trade, foreign trade policy.