Minakova Irina V.

The relevance of the topic. In the context of increasing sanctions pressure from the international community, the Russian Federation is developing and implementing comprehensive measures to ensure national economic security and sustainable economic development. One of the key areas of government policy in this area is the import substitution strategy, aimed at reducing dependence on imports and stimulating domestic production. This process requires a systematic approach and coordination of the efforts of various government agencies, business and the scientific community. Goal. A comprehensive analysis of the problems of implementing the import substitution strategy in the Russian Federation under unprecedented sanctions pressure. Methodology. The research is based on an integrative approach that includes a systemic and institutional analysis, as well as an assessment of potential risks. Results and conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, the key problems and challenges faced by the import substitution strategy in the Russian Federation have been identified. On the one hand, significant progress has been achieved in the development of domestic production in a number of sectors of the economy. On the other hand, there are significant challenges to the successful implementation of this strategy. One of the most important factors influencing the effectiveness of the import substitution strategy is government support. Under the conditions of sanctions pressure, the role of the state in supporting domestic producers is becoming particularly important. The scope of application. This research is of interest to specialists in the field of economic theory, political economy and import substitution. The results of this work may be in demand by government officials responsible for the development and implementation of measures aimed at supporting national producers, ensuring sustainable economic growth and increasing the country's competitiveness in the face of sanctions pressure.

Relevance of the topic. According to the latest report by the World Trade Organization (WTO), «World Trade Prospects and Statistics,» global trade in goods is expected to decrease by 0.2 % in 2025, compared to the initial forecast of a 2.7 % increase. According to the organization's economists, if trade tensions continue to escalate, the decline could reach — 1.5 %. This decline in global trade reflects the WTO's existential crisis as an organization dedicated to promoting trade liberalization. Goal. The purpose of the scientific work is a systematic theoretical study of the problems of multilateral regulation of global trade within the framework of the World Trade Organization. Methodology. The research methodology is based on a systematic and process-oriented approach. The study uses general scientific and special methods of cognition, including systemic, institutional, and statistical analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal logic, and interpretation. Results and conclusions. The authors carried out a systematic analysis of the problems hindering the development of global trade and concluded that the WTO is currently experiencing an existential crisis. This crisis manifests itself in the existence of irreconcilable contradictions between the North and the South, which are blocking the negotiation process in the WTO. As a result, trade negotiations are taking place outside the WTO through dozens of bilateral and regional free trade agreements, and the number of these agreements is steadily increasing. Since 2019 The WTO's appellate body, consisting of experts in the field of law and international trade, is inactive, paralyzed by the refusal of the United States to appoint new judges. At the same time, it is the Appellate Body that must guarantee the binding nature of the WTO agreements.

Relevance of the topic. Throughout the 20th century and early 21st century, developed countries have widely used macroeconomic instruments to strengthen their global dominance and influence the balance of power in the international arena. Among these instruments, government spending has proven to be a crucial tool for stimulating economic growth, ensuring sovereign economic development, and exerting significant pressure on competing economies. In the context of current geopolitical tensions, the Keynesian approach has gained increasing popularity in the economic strategies of leading countries around the world. China, the United States of America, the European Union, and Russia are pursuing large-scale macroeconomic stimulus policies based on Keynesian theory, with government spending as the central element. The Goal is to justify the role of government spending as a crucial factor in the dynamic socioeconomic development of the national economy in today's conditions. Methodology. The study is based on a systematic approach to the study of multi-level socio-economic systems. In the process of developing the research problematics, the authors implemented the general scientific (dialectical) method of cognition, used historical, comparative, and institutional analysis, methods of scientific abstraction, induction, and deduction, as well as tabular and graphical forms of interpretation of the processes and phenomena under consideration. To identify the strategic directions for the development of national economies, a content analysis of the speeches of the Chinese and Russian leadership was conducted. Results and conclusions. The practice of using public spending by the world's leading powers has been studied. It has been illustrated that the United States is at the forefront of using the Keynesian multiplier as a geoeconomic tool. Since the 2008 crisis, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government has implemented extensive stimulus programs for the national economy, amounting to nearly $1,900 billion. Public spending is also actively used as a macroeconomic policy tool by the Chinese government, which seeks to secure technological leadership and shift the global economic balance in its favor. In the current conditions of increasing inter-country competition, the Keynesian multiplier of government spending plays a crucial role in determining the balance of power on a global scale. This necessitates an increase in government spending in the Russian Federation, which should be aimed at stimulating the national economy and its technological development. Scope of application: Macroeconomic policy and state regulation of the economy.

The relevance of the topic. Automation of business processes of modern companies is aimed at ensuring that digital technologies perform certain tasks, usually implemented by a person. Thus, it is designed to simplify everyday work, saving people from simple and repetitive tasks that machines are capable of performing. Currently, in business management, it is possible to automate a significant part of the tasks, from posting on social networks to managing procurement procedures and scheduling meetings. Most existing jobs are forced to change under the influence of technologies such as artificial intelligence and robotization. This means that machines will replace a significant number of jobs. At the same time, they will also contribute to the emergence of new professions. In the context of the ongoing digital transformation of the economy, the appeal to the problem of automation of production and its impact on the structure of employment in modern socio-economic systems becomes particularly relevant. Goal. Study of the phenomenon of automation of modern business processes and analysis of the impact of these processes on the structure of employment. Methodology. In the process of developing research problems, we have systematic and situational approaches. The main methods of research were abstract-logical, monographic, economic-statistical, logical techniques of deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, and others. Results and conclusions. Automation of business processes of modern companies is aimed at ensuring that digital technologies perform certain tasks, usually implemented by a person. Most often, we are talking about repeated operations with little added value, the execution of which requires significant time. Currently, in business management, it is possible to automate a significant part of the tasks, from posting on social networks to managing procurement procedures and scheduling meetings. The impact of new technologies on the labor market is analyzed primarily in terms of creating or reducing jobs. According to the World Economic Forum, by 2025, automation of production will create at least 12 million more jobs than will be lost. This means that over the long term, automation will have a clear positive impact on public development. This conclusion has already been confirmed during the industrial revolution. In particular, in the United States between 1830 and 1900, the period of mass automation, the number of jobs in the textile industry quadrupled. Scope of application. Economic theory, theory of socio-economic development.

The relevance of the topic. Currently, there is a large-scale rethinking of the phenomenon of globalization and the associated openness and blurring of the borders of national states. If in the 1980s and 1990s countries competed to become part of a globalized world, now many consider their statehood as the key to economic prosperity. There is a «decline» of liberal ideas, the founder of which was A. Smith and received a «second wind» at the end of World War II. We live in an era of rethinking the benefits of globalization and the growing demand to protect the economy from foreign competition. The draft of the global single market, in which the WTO was supposed to act as an arbitrator, seems to have reached an impasse. In such circumstances, the appeal to the analysis of the theoretical foundations of protectionism and the practice of its implementation seems to be an urgent scientific problem. Goal. A systematic theoretical study of the features of the policy of state protectionism in the modern economy, taking into account new factors of its formation. Methodology. In the process of developing the research issues, the authors used dynamic, comparative analysis, synthesis, logical modeling, generalization, analogy, induction, deduction. Results and conclusions. Ideological disputes between supporters of protectionism and liberalism have been going on since the XVI century. As for the 20th century, protectionism was the world's predominant practice until the 1940s. Since 1947, when the «General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade» (GATT) was signed by 23 countries, liberal dogmas began to dominate the world. And only the financial crisis of 2008 radically changed this long-term trend (as of the end of 2018, 425 restrictive trade measures were identified in 59 countries). Subsequent events: Brexit, victory in the US presidential election, etc. Trump's Covid-19 has only reinforced the protectionist policies necessary to ensure economic growth and sovereignty. The prevailing types of protectionist policies are currently sectoral protectionism and regional protectionism. This is evidenced, in particular, by the conclusion of the Trade Agreement on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) between China, Japan, Australia, the Philippines, South Korea, Indonesia and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. As for sectoral protectionism, it applies primarily to agriculture and high-tech industries. Perhaps the most obvious sign indicating the transition from free market to protectionism at the regional level is the protectionist tendencies that are observed in the European Union itself, which has long been considered the main stronghold of free market ideas and neoliberal globalization and has actively advocated reducing tariff and non–tariff restrictions in world trade. Scope of application. State regulation of the economy, economic theory, international economic relations, theory of socio-economic development.

Relevance of the topic. The competitiveness of the national economy is significantly determined by the effectiveness of the implemented customs policy and customs administration in the conditions of modern realities. The current level of activity of destructive influences aimed at destabilising the activities of Russian state bodies, including the Federal Customs Service, requires the search for productive solutions to ensure their information security. One of the factors directly affecting the stability of the work of the used information and technical means is foreign information and technical support, which often carries hidden opportunities for negative impact both on the functioning of software and hardware, and on the safety of information consolidated and processed in the process of performing the functionality of these or those state bodies and organisations. In this connection there is an objective necessity of transition to domestic software products of different functional orientation. Goal. Systematic study of the possibilities of transition of the Federal Customs Service of Russia to domestic operational systems and software products of different functional orientation, which is the most important condition for the quality protection of its internal information-technical resources and ensuring the economic security of the state. Methodology. The research methodology is based on system and process approaches. In the course of the research general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition were used: system analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, theoretical modelling, formal-logical method, methods of hypothesis construction, interpretation of legal concepts and normative legal acts. Results and conclusions. The authors carried out a system analysis of information resources of customs authorities of the Russian Federation from the position of information security. The prospects of implementation of the Russian software and hardware that meets the basic requirements for information security, fault tolerance, performance and speed of information processing, archiving and optimisation of stored information, quality analysis of large amounts of data in the performance of the entire functionality of customs authorities have been assessed. Scope of application. The formulated theoretical provisions can be used within the process of import substitution of software for the activities of customs authorities of the Russian Federation.

Relevance of the topic. Customs regulation of the movement of certain categories of goods across the customs border of the EAEU implies the presence of certain nuances, and therefore such provisions are included in separate chapters of the Customs Code of the Eurasian Economic Union. Such specific goods also include goods for personal use. Despite the transparency of the mechanism and the possibility of simplified customs operations in relation to goods moved in international non-trade turnover, there is an objective need to consider and discuss certain regulations governing their movement across the customs border, which can be interpreted ambiguously by participants in legal relations. In this connection, the presented research acquires undoubted theoretical and practical significance. Goal. Systematic theoretical study of the institutional foundations of the movement of goods for personal use across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific and special techniques and methods of cognition. The authors used methods of system analysis and synthesis, theoretical modeling, formal logical method, methods for constructing hypotheses, interpreting legal concepts and regulations, which made it possible to identify theoretical and applied problems of administrative and legal regulation of customs control of cross-border movement of goods for personal use in the context of Eurasian integration. Results and conclusions. The authors focused on two parts of the EAEU Customs Code, one of which contains general rules of customs regulation, and the second is devoted to the simplified procedure for performing customs operations in relation to certain categories of goods. Individuals when moving goods for personal use across the customs border of the EAEU may be exempt from paying customs duties. In this regard, they often make attempts to import such goods for commercial purposes, and in the activities of customs authorities certain difficulties arise in interpreting the norms of customs legislation regarding the cross-border movement of goods for personal use. The authors concluded that when deciding on the issue of releasing goods for personal use without paying customs duties, when foreign currency, securities and traveler's checks are imported as such, one should be guided exclusively by a special part of the customs legislation, namely the provisions of Chapter 37 of the Labor Code of the Union and Decision of the EEC Council No. 107. Application area. The formulated theoretical provisions can be used within the framework of the law-making process in the EAEU, as well as applied in the practical activities of bodies whose competence is related to the regulation of cross-border movement of goods for personal use, as well as directly by participants in foreign economic activity.

The relevance of the topic. Cities and economic development are inseparable. The entire world economic history, starting with the Industrial Revolution, convincingly proves this. No country has managed to ensure dynamic industrialization and high welfare without urbanization. The study of the relationship between the level of well-being (measured in GDP or per capita income) and the level of urbanization has been reflected in the works of many scientists. In the context of the ongoing intensification of urbanization processes, the appeal to the problem of the role of cities in ensuring the economic growth of modern socio-economic systems is of particular relevance. Goal. Research and generalization of the main theoretical approaches to the role of cities in ensuring economic growth: from classical interpretations to modern theories. Methodology. In the process of developing the research problems, we used dynamic and structural analysis, synthesis, and design of logic circuits. Results and conclusions. It is now evident that it is in cities that economic activity is concentrated. For example, in the US, 80 per cent of the population lives in megacities, which make up only 20 per cent of the country's land area, but which account for 90 per cent of national income. Concentration of markets, economies of scale, knowledge sharing, access to a wide range of goods and services, etc. are cited as explanations for what attracts people to cities. Leading theorists such as R. Lucas argue that high levels of human capital and knowledge diffusion are powerful factors in the formation of «urban agglomeration», attracting and incentivising innovators who then become the engines of urban growth. Other well-known scholars, such as T. Holmes, believe that the size of commodity markets and low transport costs are the main factor attracting business and labour resources to cities. According to some economists, the main explanation of the role of cities is the concentration of labour resources in them. This gives businesses access to skilled labour. There are other theories that argue that cities develop due to consumption rather than production. Different schools of economics form their own scientific approaches to the nature and role of cities in socio-economic development. Nevertheless, they all agree that there is a stable positive relationship between urban agglomeration and labour productivity. Scope of application. Economic theory, theory of social and economic development.

The purpose of this work is to study the resource provision of investments in socially significant technological modernization of the Russian economy and to identify key areas of state influence on the implementation of effective modernization of production. Statistics show that the production capacity of the Russian economy is currently 60 % loaded, labor - 80 %, raw materials - 25 %, available scientific and technical potential - 10 %. It is necessary to move to a systemic economic policy, which should be built as a mixed strategy for the advanced growth of a new technological structure, dynamic development in areas with technological lag. This requires the adoption of a set of measures to concentrate resources and efforts in key areas of developing a new technological structure, enhancing the existing scientific and technical potential, importing advanced technologies and attracting foreign direct investment through tax incentives, infrastructure development and credit expansion.

The article explores the evolution of approaches to the problem of ensuring balanced regional development in the normative and legal documents of the Russian Federation. It has been established that the existence of a significant regional differentiation in the level of socio economic development is recognized as one of the key problems that pose a threat to national and economic security. However, virtually none of the instruments emphasizes the analysis of intraregional imbalances in social and economic development. However, the statistics show that such imbalances exist, necessitating appropriate public policies to ensure balanced intraregional development.

This article deals with the current state on the regional labor markets. At present there is a serious employment problem in our region. The reason lies in the fact that the most qualified part of the employable population and young specialists who have graduated from universities migrate to the capital region. This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that labor market demand structure and labor market supply structure are very different. Nowadays various programs are being adopted at the federal and regional levels. Their main aim is to improve the functioning of regional labor markets and promoting employment. Nevertheless, the problem is still far from being resolved.